# Financial Functions

To select the financial functions, press and select Financial mode from the Mode tab, or use shift then the button. The title bar ends with [fin] when you are in financial mode. You can also use the Display tab to select commas to separate thousands. In Financial mode, numbers are always displayed with a fixed point and two decimal places.

In financial mode, some of the scientific functions are replaced by the financial functions. These fall into two groups: those concerned with calculating compound interest on loans, and those used for budgeting.

## - Set Interest and Discount Rates

The bank interest rate is applied to the loan calculations (,, and ) and the discount rate to the Net Present Value calculations ( and ). Typically these will be assigned different values which prevail at the time and in the relevant field of commerce.

It is assumed that the period in these calculations is one year. If a different period is required (monthly for example), then the rates should be adjusted to their equivalent monthly rates. To make this easier, there are two buttons marked Annual->Monthly and Monthly->Annual. Typically, you would enter an annual interest rate in the two boxes, and then click on the Annual->Monthly button to convert to the equivalent monthly rate (by dividing by 12). You can convert back to annual using the Monthly->Annual button. Each click divides or multiplies the rate by 12.

Other periods can also be used, but you will need to enter the appropriate rate for the time period. Often the rate is known for some other period and the required rate will need to be calculated. This can be done by using the calculator and cutting and pasting. Be careful to select decimal mode to compute interest rates before copying, because the financial mode will truncate the result to two decimal places which may not be sufficiently accurate.

## - Calculate term of investment

To compute the term required for an investment to increase to a given value, enter the principal, followed by followed by the desired compounded sum at the term. The result is the number of periods (generally years) required for the investment to reach this value. If you wish to use a different period (monthly for example) you need to change the value of the interest rate accordingly, by pressing .

Example:
How many years of compound interest are required for an initial investment of $100 to reach the value of $200 (assuming 10% bank interest rate)?

1 0 0 2 0 0
Result: 7.27 (i.e. 8 years to exceed $200).

## - Calculate Value of Annuity

To calculate the value of an annuity at maturity, enter the amount of the annual payment, then , followed by the number of years.

Despite the literal meaning of the word annuity, it is possible to use a period other than annual in the calculation, in which case you need to change the value of the interest rate accordingly, by pressing .

Example:
What is the value at maturity of a 30 year annuity with an annual payment of $200 (assuming an interest rate of 10%)?

2 0 0 3 0
Result: $32898.80

## - Calculate Mortgage payment

To compute the required periodic payments to repay a given loan, enter the amount of the loan, click the button, then enter the duration (number of payments). Press = to get the amount of each payment. Usually the term of a mortgage is defined in years, but the repayment periods and corresponding calculations are carried out monthly.

Example:
What is the monthly payment to pay off a loan of $30,000 dollars over 25 years at an interest rate of 10% ?

First click on to check that the interest rate is set to 10% (and change it if needed), and click on Annual->Monthly. The interest rate displayed changes to 0.83333...%.

The period is now in months, which over 25 years is 25x12 months (i.e. 300 months).

3 0 0 0 0 2 5 12
Result: $272.61 (the monthly payment)

## - Calculate Value of an Investment

To compute the value of an investment after a given number of years at the current interest rate, enter the principal, click Inv and the number of investment periods. Usually the number of periods is the number of years. If you wish to use a different period (monthly for example) you need to change the value of the interest rate accordingly, by pressing.

Example:
What is the value of $100 invested for five years at compound interest (assuming a 10% annual interest rate)?

1 0 0 5
Result: $161.05

## - Calculate Net Present Value of a Future Cash Flow

To calculate the present value of an amount to be paid at some time in the future, enter the value of the amount, followed by and then the number of periods before the payment will be made. Usually the number of periods is the number of years. If you wish to use a different period (monthly for example) you need to change the value of the discount rate accordingly, by pressing .

You can enter a negative number of periods, in which case you get the present value of a payment which was paid at some time in the past. If you require the net present value of a series of periodic cash flows, use.

Example:
What is the net present value of $100 to be paid in five years time (assuming 5% discount rate).

1 0 0 5
Result: $78.35

## ... - Net Present Value of Cash Flows

To calculate the net present value of a series of cash flows, enter the cash flow for each period followed by the button. Each time this button is pressed, the button legend is incremented indicating the next periodic cash flow to be input, e.g. after the first period is input the button shows . At any time you can display the cumulative net present value of the cash flows input so far by pressing =. To reset the period back to 1 and erase the accumulated values press the AC button.

Typically the period is annual. If you wish to use a different period (monthly for example) you need to change the value of the discount rate accordingly, by pressing . It is also permitted to alter the discount rate during the calculation (i.e. rate differs for different periods). If you require the net present value of a single cash flow at some point in the future, use the button instead.

Example:
A project requires an initial capital expenditure of $1,000,000. After five years the capital equipment is to be written off. The expected annual revenue stream, less running costs, is: year 1 - $100,000; year 2 - $200,000, year 3 - $300,000, year 4 - $300,000, year 5 - $300,000. The net revenues exceed the initial capital cost, but is the investment a good one, assuming a discounting rate of 5% per annum?

1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 (Intermediate result: $535795.27 in display)
3 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0
Result: $1017663.86

The result shows that, taking into account the time value of money, the revenue flows have a net present value of $1017663.86, so that the project is just profitable (but probably not worth the risk!).

## - Straight Line Depreciation

To calculate the fraction of the value of an asset which is depreciated after a given time using straight-line depreciation, enter the initial cost less any salvage value, then , followed by the useful asset life, then , followed by the number of periods after which the depreciation is to be calculated, followed by =. The result is the total (cumulative) depreciation charge.

Usually the number of periods is the number of years. If you wish to use a different period (monthly for example) you need to change the value of the discount rate accordingly, by pressing .

Example:
What is the depreciation after five years on a capital asset costing $10,000 with a ten year life and a salvage value of $1000 at the end of its life?

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Result: $9000.00
1 0 5
Result: $4500.00

The depreciation is $4500, therefore the value of the asset after 5 years is $10000 - $4500 = $5500.00

## - Double declining Balance Depreciation

To calculate the fraction of the value of an asset which is depreciated after a given time using the double-declining balance method of depreciation, enter the initial cost less any salvage value, then , followed by the useful asset life, then , followed by the number of periods after which the depreciation is to be calculated, followed by =. The result is the total (cumulative) depreciation charge.

Usually the number of periods is the number of years. If you wish to use a different period (monthly for example) you need to change the value of the discount rate accordingly, by pressing .

Example:
What is the depreciation after five years on a capital asset costing $10,000 with a ten year life and a salvage value of $1000 at the end of its life?

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Result: $9000.00
1 0 5
Result: $6030.00

The depreciation is $6030, therefore the value of the asset after 5 years is $10000 - $6030 = $3970.00

## - Sum-of-Years-Digits Depreciation

To calculate the fraction of the value of an asset which is depreciated after a given time using the sum-of-years-digits method of depreciation, enter the initial cost less any salvage value, then , followed by the useful asset life, then , followed by the number of periods after which the depreciation is to be calculated, followed by =. The result is the total (cumulative) depreciation charge.

Usually the number of periods is the number of years. If you wish to use a different period (monthly for example) you need to change the value of the discount rate accordingly, by pressing .

Example:
What is the depreciation after five years on a capital asset costing $10,000 with a ten year life and a salvage value of $1000 at the end of its life?

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Result: $9000.00
1 0 5
Result: $6570.00

The depreciation is $6570, therefore the value of the asset after 5 years is $10000 - $6570 = $3430.00